Myanmar
- System of government
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04
Unitary parliamentary republic
System of government-References:
- Total population
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 51,486,253
Total population-References:
- Total area (in square kilo meters)
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04
| 676,578 km2 |
Total area (in square kilo meters)-References:
- Number of registered voters
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 34,295,334
Number of registered voters-References:
- Number of registered political parties
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 91 political parties contested Myanmar general election, 2015
Number of registered political parties-References:
- Number of polling stations
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 40,233
Number of polling stations-References:
- Average number of voters per polling station
- Last Updated : 2016-12-06 N/A
Average number of voters per polling station-References:
- Voting age
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 18
Voting age-References:
- Elected Offices
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04
President
Upper House
Lower House
Local Legislature
Elected Offices-References:
- Election system
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 Plurality (FPTP)
Election system-References:
- Terms of office
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 In the House of Nationalities, 168 members are elected by absolute majority vote in single-member constituencies and 56 members are appointed from the military. All members serve five year terms. In the House of Representatives, 330 members are elected by absolute majority vote in single-member constituencies and 110 members are appointed from the military to serve five year terms
Terms of office-References:
- Election
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 Myanmar general election, 2015
Election-References:
- Date
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 8 November 2015
Date-References:
- Political parties in the elections
- Last Updated : 2016-12-06
| Eligible by number of seats won | |
| - Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) | |
| - National Democratic Party (NLD) | |
| - Shan Nationalities Democratic Party (SNDP) | |
| - National United Party (NUP) | |
| - Rakhine Nationalities Development Party (RNDP) | |
| - National Democratic Force (NDF) | |
Political parties in the elections-References:
- Number of elected candidates
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Voter turnout
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04
69%
Voter turnout-References:
- Number of ballots cast
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 23,946,709
Number of ballots cast-References:
- Legal framework for elections
- Last Updated : 2016-08-19 Part of Constitution - Separate legislation
Legal framework for elections-References:
- Legal provisions
- Last Updated : 2016-11-07
| Constitution of Myanmar, art. 436 (a), 441, 38 (b), 396: |
Legal provisions-References:
- Referenda
- Last Updated : 2016-11-07 Constitution of Myanmar, art. 436 (a):
Referenda-References:
- People’s Initiatives
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05 N/A
People’s Initiatives-References:
- Recall Votes
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05 Constitution of Myanmar, art. 38 (a), 396:
Recall Votes-References:
- Official name
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 Union Election Commission
Official name -References:
- Mission, Vision, Key Objectives, Functions
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Type of EMB(independent, governmental, mixed)
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 Independent
Type of EMB(independent, governmental, mixed)-References:
- EMB budget source
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 The legislature
EMB budget source-References:
- EMB expenditure audit
- Last Updated : 2016-12-06 N/A
EMB expenditure audit-References:
- Number of EMB members (commissioners)
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 1 - 10 members
Number of EMB members (commissioners)-References:
- Term of EMB members (commissioners)
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 For an unspecified period
Term of EMB members (commissioners)-References:
- Who appoints members (commissioners)?
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 Head of State - Head of Government
Who appoints members (commissioners)?-References:
- Selection of Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson
- Last Updated : 2016-12-06
The President shall constitute a Union Election Commission. In constituting
the Commission, he may appoint a minimum of five members including the
chairman of the Union Election Commission in accord with the provisions
on appointment of the Union Minister prescribed in this Constitution.
(article 398 (a) of the Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar)
Selection of Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson-References:
- Administrative divisions
- Last Updated : 2016-11-03
Myanmar is divided into twenty-one administrative subdivisions
Administrative divisions -References:
- Delimitation of constituencies(electoral district)
- Last Updated : 2016-11-03 constituencies are delimited for election purposes
Delimitation of constituencies(electoral district) -References:
- Criteria for drawing boundaries
- Last Updated : 2016-08-19 "Equality" of population - Conformity with local jurisdiction boundaries
Criteria for drawing boundaries-References:
- Body responsible for drawing boundaries
- Last Updated : 2016-08-19 Electoral Management Body (EMB)
Body responsible for drawing boundaries-References:
- Requirements on the right to vote
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Reasons for having the right to vote revoked
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Electoral Eligibility
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Reasons for having the eligibility revoked
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Requirements for party registration
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05 Deposit requirement - Minimum number of candidates
Requirements for party registration-References:
- Candidate nomination
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Nomination by political parties
- Self nomination (independents)
- Candidate Registration (National Assembly members)
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04
- Information that is managed: Candidate name, picture, party logo, type of election and names of constituencies, professional/educational background, date of registratin, etc.
- Method: EMB homepage
- Organization in charge of candidate registration: EMB
Candidate Registration (National Assembly members) -References:
- Candidate registration deposit
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Amount of fee
- Return of fee
- Uncontested Election
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05 N/A
Uncontested Election -References:
- Preparation of the voters list
- Last Updated : 2016-11-03 A continuous register (voter data is continuously collected and d between electoral events)
Preparation of the voters list-References:
- Whether the registration is compulsory (or not)
- Last Updated : 2016-10-28 Yes
Whether the registration is compulsory (or not)-References:
- Who is responsible for the voters list
- Last Updated : 2016-11-03
the EMB is conducting a complete of the electoral roll and also digitizing its content.
Who is responsible for the voters list -References:
- Voters list preparation procedure
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Inspection and objection procedure
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Definition
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Period
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Methods
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Prohibited forms of campaigning
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Who is not permitted to campaign
- Campaign Finance
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Campaign expense limit
- Income and expenditure of campaign expense
- Report, public inspection, and open of income and expenditure
- Investigation on income and expenditure of campaign expense & actions
- Reimbursement of campaign expense
- Presiding officers
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
① How many of officers in a polling station
② Roles of each officer
③ How we nominate the officers
- Facilities or items a polling station is equipped with
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Polling station location criteria
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Voting hours
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04
- Opening time: 6am
- Closing time: 4pm
Voting hours-References:
- Voting
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
① Is compulsory or voluntary?
② How many ballot papers are distributed to each voter?
- Ballot Paper
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04
- Information that needs to be on the ballot paper: Candidate name, Marking area, Political party logo, Type of election and name of constituency
Ballot Paper-References:
- Voting Procedures
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04
Voter goes to respective Polling Station along with National Identity Card (NRC Card)
Poll Worker checks NRC Card against with Voter List Book.
Voter signs in Voter List Book.
Poll worker issue ballot paper for Pyi Thu Hluttaw (Lower House).
Voter cast vote with stamp in polling booth.
Voter ballot paper into Pyi Thu Hluttaw ballot box.
Poll Worker issue ballot paper for Amyo Thar Hluttaw (Upper House).
Voter cast vote with stamp in polling booth.
Voter ballot paper into Amyo Thar Hluttaw ballot box.
Poll Worker issue ballot paper for State/ Region Hluttaw (Local Legislature).
Voter cast vote with stamp in polling booth.
Voter ballot paper into State/ Region Hluttaw ballot box.
Poll Worker issue ballot paper for Election of Ethnic Candidates.
Voter cast vote with stamp in polling booth.
Voter ballot paper into Ethnic Candidates ballot box.
Confirm completion of voting by dipping finger in indelible ink.
Voter leave polling station.
Voting Procedures -References:
- Marking method
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04 Stamp
Marking method-References:
- Special voting (Absentee / Early / Proxy / Assisted / Postal / etc)
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
① Who are subjected to do
② Voting procedures
- Counting Location
- Last Updated : 2016-08-19 The polling station
Counting Location-References:
- Counting period
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Vote counting method
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Counting Procedures
- Last Updated : 2016-10-04
Announce the end of voting
Announce the start of counting
Open the ballot box
Verify validity of ballots
Confirm number of votes won by candidate
Fill out counting result report and announce results
Transfer to tabulation center
- Start of counting : Immediately after voting ends
- On average howlong does it take from the start to the end of counting?: 24 hours
- Process of counting:
Counting Procedures-References:
- When are ballots recounted?
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Who is eligible to vote for overseas voting?
- Last Updated : 2016-10-28 Diplomatic staff
Who is eligible to vote for overseas voting?-References:
- Overseas voters list preparation
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Where to vote
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Voting procedure for early voting
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Methods used to transport ballot papers
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Counting procedure
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- How is the elected candidate chosen in the case of a tie?
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Apportioning of National Assembly seats
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Results Announcement
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Is the announcement of preliminary result required?
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Deadline for announcement of final results
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Reason for holding a by- or re-election
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- By-election dates
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Electoral process
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Criteria for allocating free broadcast time
- Last Updated : 2016-08-19 As agreed by special committee
Criteria for allocating free broadcast time-References:
- Television debates
- Last Updated : 2016-08-19 No
Television debates-References:
- Blackout period for release of election survey results
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05 N/A
Blackout period for release of election survey results-References:
- Electoral dispute resolution body
- Last Updated : 2016-10-28
EMB
Electoral dispute resolution body-References:
- Electoral dispute resolution mechanism
- Last Updated : 2016-11-17
Decision on Objection of Election
67. If objection is desired to be made as regards election, it shall be made by paying the stipulated fee with the submission of an electoral objection in accord withthe provisions of this Chapter.
68. (a) Objection to an elected Hluttawrepresentative may be made, as prescribed, to the Commission by any challengingHluttaw candidate or any voter by giving appropriate reasons relating to theelection other than the matters which have been decided by the Commission underSection 53.
(b) Ifa Hluttaw candidate, in his objection against an elected Hluttawrepresentative, intends to seek a declaration that he only has obtained themajority votes and that he should be elected, he is to base his objections onone of the following:
(i) thereason that only the applicant in fact obtained the maximum valid votes;
(ii) thereason that only the applicant could obtain the maximum valid votes if thevotes obtained by the elected Hluttaw representative did not include the votesobtained by malpractice.
69. (a) The Commission may form thefollowing Election Tribunals to examine into electoral objections:
(i) theElection Tribunal consisting of a Commission member as Chairman and other twocommission members;
(ii) theElection Tribunal consisting of a Commission member as Chairman and twosuitable citizens who are experts in law.
(b) Election Tribunal membersshall not be members of any political party.
(c) Remunerationfor members of the Election Tribunals, who are not members of the Commission,shall be determined by the Commission.
(d) Allmatters concerning electoral objections shall be administered by the ElectionTribunals.
(e) Inrespect of the election held for one constituency, if more than one electoralobjection is submitted, the Commission shall assign the objections to only oneElection Tribunal formed for that constituency. Such tribunal may examine theobjections separately or jointly at its discretion.
(f) Ifan appointed member of the Election Tribunal cannot carry out his duties as amember of the tribunal or is unable to continue carrying them out during anexamination, the Commission shall appoint a substitute member. Thereconstituted Election Tribunal may make a fresh examination of the pendingobjection, if it so desires.
Electoral dispute resolution mechanism-References:
- Alternative electoral dispute resolution mechanism
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05 N/A
Alternative electoral dispute resolution mechanism-References:
- Direct public funding
- Last Updated : 2016-10-28
N/A
Direct public funding-References:
- Private funding of political parties
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- If so, is there limit on the amount a donor can contribute to candidate or political party
- Regulation, monitoring and investigation
- Last Updated : 2016-10-28 Fines
Regulation, monitoring and investigation-References:
- Regulation, monitoring and investigation bodies
- Last Updated : 2016-10-28 Election Tribunal and Electoral Commission
Regulation, monitoring and investigation bodies-References:
- Which electoral processes are using ICTs?
- Last Updated : 2016-11-03 Digital voter registration kits/computers, off-line are used for collecting registration data
Which electoral processes are using ICTs? -References:
- When it was introduced
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05 N/A
When it was introduced-References:
- Gender equality
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05
Gender equality-References:
- Aids for disabled or handicapped voters
- Last Updated : 2016-11-17
- Is Myanmar a signatory to CRPD: N/A
- Has Myanmar ratified CRPD: 7 December 2011
Disability Data:
Population with a disability: 2,311,250
Aids for disabled or handicapped voters -References:
- Voter education
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05 N/A
Voter education-References:
- National civic education
- Last Updated : 2016-10-12 conducted by the National Electoral Management Body
National civic education-References:
- EMB Staff education
- Last Updated : 2016-12-05 N/A
EMB Staff education-References:
- Domestic observation
- Last Updated : 2016-12-07 Based on figures provided by the UEC after the election the UEC, at national and sub-commission levels, accredited a total of 11,445 domestic observers, representing 52 organisations. This involved a range of organisations, including some very small grass-roots bodies and others, such as PACE, which created a nationwide network for a large-scale observation. PACE also issued pre-election reports on the conduct of the campaign. (for 2015 general elections)
Domestic observation-References:
- International observation
- Last Updated : 2016-11-17 In response to an invitation by the Union Election Commission (UEC), the European Union has deployed an Election Observation Mission (EOM) to Myanmar to observe the general elections scheduled for 8 November 2015.
International observation-References:
- Partnerships/MoUs
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- International Activities
- Last Updated : 2016-12-07 A women seminar was held at the Inya Lake Hotel, Yangon on 20th and 21st October, 2012 with the theme title "Strengthen Women, Strengthen Futhre". There were about 200 participants (Men and women) who were parliamentarians, representatives from political parties, International NGOs and other organizations from civil society.
NDI has supported international advocacy on Burma since 1995, most recently by strengthening Burmese CSOs in advancing electoral reform priorities and working with parliamentarians to identify areas of common ground between policymakers and CSOs on a broad array of legal reform.
International Activities-References:
- Major challenges to elections
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03
- Measures taken to deal with those Challenges
- Last Updated : 2016-05-03