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System of government

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Canada's political system is a constitutional monarchy, composed of the Queen of Canada, who is officially represented by the Governor General (or by a lieutenant-governor at the provincial level), the Senate and the House of Commons.

 

There are 105 seats in the Senate, whose members are appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The House of Commons has 338 seats, held by members elected by citizens who vote in general elections or by-elections. The Government originates in the elected House of Commons. According to the principle of constitutional monarchy, therefore, the Queen rules but does not govern.

 

After a general election, by convention, the leader of the party with the largest number of elected representatives will normally form the Government. The Governor General will ask the leader of that party to be the Prime Minister. He or she must be able at all times to maintain the confidence of the House in order to remain in power. The party with the second-largest number of elected representatives is usually the official Opposition. The leader of this party is the Leader of the Opposition.

 

The Prime Minister chooses people (usually members of the House of Commons of his or her party) to serve as the Cabinet ministers heading various government departments. Though not common, the Prime Minister can also appoint senators and others from outside of Parliament to Cabinet

System of government-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=ces&document=part1&lang=e 

Total population

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

According to preliminary estimates, Canada's population was 36,155,487 on April 1, 2016. 

Total population-References:

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/160616/dq160616b-eng.htm 

Total area (in square kilo meters)

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

9,984,670 KM²

 

Total area (in square kilo meters)-References:

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm 

Number of registered voters

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

42^nd General Election - October 19, 2015 : 25,939,742 electors on the lists

 

Number of registered voters-References:

http://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2015app/41/table1E.html 

Number of registered political parties

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

21 registered political parties as of August 12, 2016.

 

Number of registered political parties-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=pol&dir=par&document=index&lang=e

Number of polling stations

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

42^nd General Election - October 19, 2015 : 72,857 polling stations.

 

Number of polling stations-References:

 http://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2015app/41/table1E.html

Average number of voters per polling station

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

42nd General Election - October 19, 2015 : 356

 

Average number of voters per polling station-References:

http://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2015app/41/table2E.html 

Voting age

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

18 years old

 

Voting age-References:

 

Elected Offices

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Election system

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Canada's electoral system is referred to as a “single-member plurality” system (also commonly called a “first-past-the-post” system). In every electoral district, the candidate with the highest number of votes wins a seat in the House of Commons and represents that electoral district as its member of Parliament. An absolute majority (more than 50 percent of the votes in the electoral district) is not required for a candidate to be elected. 

Election system-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=ces&document=part1&lang=e#p13 

Terms of office

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

 

Constitutionally, elections must be held every five years, although, by tradition, they are usually held at approximately four-year intervals, although they can be called at any time. This is particularly true when there is a minority government, i.e., when no single party has a majority in the House of Commons. 

Terms of office-References:

http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/bp437-e.htm 

Election

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

42nd General Election

 

Election-References:

 

Date

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

October 19, 2015 

Date-References:

 

Political parties in the elections

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Number of elected candidates

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

338 Members of Parliament  

Number of elected candidates-References:

 

Voter turnout

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

42nd General Election - October 19, 2015 : 68.3%

 

Voter turnout-References:

http://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2015app/41/table3E.html 

Number of ballots cast

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

42^nd General Election - October 19, 2015 : 17,711,983

 

Number of ballots cast-References:

http://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2015app/41/table3E.html 

Legal framework for elections

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Canada Elections Act

 

Legal framework for elections-References:

http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-2.01/index.html 

Legal provisions

Last Updated : 2016-11-30

The Referendum Act (1992) governs the use of referenda placed to citizens. Referenda may be called by the Governor in Council: Where the Governor in Council considers that it is in the public interest to obtain by means of a referendum the opinion of electors on any question relating to the Constitution of Canada, the Governor in Council may, by proclamation, direct that the opinion of electors be obtained by putting the question to the electors of Canada or of one or more provinces specified in the proclamation at a referendum called for that purpose.

 

Legal provisions-References:

 

Referenda

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Three federal referendums have been held in Canada since Confederation: in 1898, on whether to prohibit the sale of alcohol; in 1942, on compulsory military service (conscription); and in 1992, on the Charlottetown constitutional accord. Under the Referendum Act that came into force just before the 1992 referendum, only questions related to the Constitution of Canada can be asked in a federal referendum.

 

Federal referendums and elections cannot be held on the same day. The Referendum Act allows the Chief Electoral Officer to adapt the Canada Elections Act by regulation to apply it to a referendum. 

Referenda-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=loi/ref/act&document=index&lang=e 

People’s Initiatives

Last Updated : 2016-12-20

N/A

 

People’s Initiatives-References:

 

Recall Votes

Last Updated : 2016-12-20

N/A

 

Recall Votes-References:

 

Official name

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Office of the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada

 

Official name -References:

 

Mission, Vision, Key Objectives, Functions

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

 

Mission

Ensuring that Canadians can exercise their democratic rights to vote and be a candidate.

Mandate

The Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, commonly known as Elections Canada, is an independent, non-partisan agency that reports directly to Parliament. Its mandate is to:

• be prepared to conduct a federal general election, by-election or referendum
• administer the political financing provisions of the Canada Elections Act
• monitor compliance with electoral legislation
• conduct public information campaigns on voter registration, voting and becoming a candidate
• conduct education programs for students on the electoral process
• provide support to the independent commissions in charge of adjusting the boundaries of federal electoral districts following each decennial census
• carry out studies on alternative voting methods and, with the approval of parliamentarians, test alternative voting processes for future use during electoral events
• provide assistance and co-operation in electoral matters to electoral agencies in other countries or to international organizations

 

Duties and Powers of the Chief Electoral Officer

Originally, the Chief Electoral Officer was responsible only for the administration of general elections and by-elections. Under the Canada Elections Act and other laws that now govern the federal electoral process, Elections Canada's mandate has broadened to include the administration of referendums and other important aspects of our democratic electoral system.

The agency's duties include:

• administering electoral legislation 
• registering political parties and third parties engaged in election advertising as well as electoral district associations, leadership contestants and nomination contestants of registered parties 
• maintaining the National Register of Electors
• appointing and providing instructions to returning officers (one in each electoral district) 
• disclosing contributions to candidates, political parties and third parties, and to electoral district associations, leadership contestants and nomination contestants of registered parties; examining and disclosing their financial returns; and reimbursing expenses to candidates and parties according to formulas laid down in the Act 
• ensuring access to the system for all eligible citizens, through both physical facilities and advertising messages
• providing legal, technical, financial and administrative support to the independent commissions responsible for the periodic process of readjusting federal electoral boundaries, to ensure that representation conforms to the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act
  

Mission, Vision, Key Objectives, Functions-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=abo&document=index&lang=e 

Type of EMB(independent, governmental, mixed)

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Independent, non-partisan agency that reports directly to Parliament 

Type of EMB(independent, governmental, mixed)-References:

 

EMB budget source

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

 

As an independent agency, Elections Canada is funded by an annual appropriation, which covers the salaries of permanent full-time employees, and by a statutory authority contained in the Canada Elections Act, the Referendum Act and the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act, which draws on the Consolidated Revenue Fund. The statutory authority covers all other expenditures, including the cost of preparing and conducting electoral events, maintaining the National Register of Electors, redistribution of electoral districts and continuing public information and education programs. The salary of the Chief Electoral Officer and contributions to employee benefit plans are also statutory items.

 

The statutory authority serves to recognize Elections Canada's independence from the Government and from the influence of political parties. It is a critical component in maintaining the integrity of the democratic process. 

EMB budget source-References:

 

EMB expenditure audit

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

 

The CEO is subject to all federal laws of general application, such as the Access to Information Act, the Official Languages Act, the Public Service Employment Act, the Privacy Act and the Financial Administration Act. Like any other Canadian government department or agency, Elections Canada participates in the Estimates process. This includes submitting Main Estimates, the Report on Plans and Priorities, the Departmental Performance Report and the Quarterly Financial Reports.

 

In addition, the financial statements of the Office of the CEO are subject to annual audits by the Office of the Auditor General. The agency is also subject to the reporting requirements of the Receiver General, including those related to the Public Accounts. 

EMB expenditure audit-References:

 

Number of EMB members (commissioners)

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

1 Chief Electoral Officer (CEO)   

Number of EMB members (commissioners)-References:

 

Term of EMB members (commissioners)

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

The position of Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) was created in 1920 by the Dominion Elections Act. The Chief Electoral Officer is appointed for a 10-year non-renewable term by a resolution of the House of Commons. He or she reports directly to Parliament and is thus completely independent of the government of the day and all political parties. He or she can be removed from office only for cause, by the Governor General after a joint request following a majority vote by the House of Commons and Senate.  

Term of EMB members (commissioners)-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=abo&dir=ceo/app&document=index&lang=e 

Who appoints members (commissioners)?

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Resolution of the House of Commons 

Who appoints members (commissioners)?-References:

 

Selection of Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

N/A

 

Selection of Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson-References:

 

Administrative divisions

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Canada has 338 electoral districts. A federal electoral district (also called "riding" or "constituency") is a geographical area represented by a Member of Parliament (MP). Electors vote for an MP to represent the residents of their electoral district in the House of Commons. Each electoral district therefore corresponds to a seat in the House of Commons.

Administrative divisions -References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=cir/red/faq&document=index&lang=e#faq1

Delimitation of constituencies(electoral district)

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

The redistribution of federal electoral districts is a process by which:

1. The number of electoral districts (and therefore House of Commons seats) given to each province is recalculated according to new population estimates, using the representation formula found in the Constitution.
   
   
2. The district boundaries are redrawn to account for a change in the number of electoral districts given to each province, or simply to reflect changes and movements in the population of that province.

The rules for carrying out the redistribution process are set out in the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act.

 

Following the release of population counts from each decennial census, the Chief Electoral Officer determines the number of seats in the House of Commons and publishes the information in the Canada Gazette. Electoral boundaries commissions then determine the adjustments to the constituency boundaries. The federal electoral boundaries commissions are independent bodies that make all decisions regarding the proposed and final federal electoral boundaries. Elections Canada provides support services to the boundaries commission in each province. Based on reports from these commissions, the Chief Electoral Officer prepares a representation order that describes the boundaries and specifies the name and the population of each federal electoral district. The representation order is in force on the first dissolution of Parliament that occurs at least seven months after its proclamation. The 2013 Representation Order (proclaimed on October 5, 2013) was based on 2011 Census population counts, and increased the number of FEDs to 338, up from 308 from the previous 2003 Representation Order.  

Delimitation of constituencies(electoral district) -References:

http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/8f59e503-b267-4fd0-9d43-a03db366f11e 

Criteria for drawing boundaries

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

 

Each commission is required to divide the province into a specified number of electoral districts. The Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act requires that the population of each electoral district be as close as is reasonably possible to the average population size of a district for that province (that is, the province's population divided by the number of electoral districts).

However, in addition to population equality, commissions must consider other human and geographic factors. They may choose to create electoral districts whose populations vary from the average, if they consider it necessary or desirable to do so in order to:

• respect communities of interest or identity (for example, communities based around language or shared culture and history),
• respect historical patterns of previous electoral boundaries, or
• maintain a manageable geographic size for districts in sparsely populated, rural or northern regions of the province.

Commissions should make every effort to ensure that the population of a district is not more than 25 percent above or below the average district population. In extraordinary circumstances, however, commissions may create districts that vary from the average by more than 25 percent. 

Criteria for drawing boundaries-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=cir/red/bck&document=index&lang=e 

Body responsible for drawing boundaries

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

 

Federal electoral boundaries commissions

Ten federal electoral boundaries commissions are established, one for each province, to consider and report on any changes required to the boundaries of the electoral districts. As the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut constitute only one electoral district each, no commission is required for them. Each commission is chaired by a judge appointed by the chief justice of that province. The Speaker of the House of Commons appoints two other members who are resident in that province. The commissions are independent bodies that make final decisions about the new federal electoral boundaries. 

Body responsible for drawing boundaries-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=cir/red/bck&document=index&lang=e 

Requirements on the right to vote

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

An elector must be registered and prove his or her identity and address using one of the three accepted methods before he or she can vote. An elector is eligible to register if he or she:

• is a Canadian citizen
  
  
• is at least 18 years old on election day
  
  
• lives in the electoral district

For a by-election, an elector must live in the electoral district from the 33rd day before election day (the day on which revision usually begins) to election day.

 

Requirements on the right to vote-References:

 http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=ids&document=index&lang=e

Reasons for having the right to vote revoked

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Electoral Eligibility

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Reasons for having the eligibility revoked

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Requirements for party registration

Last Updated : 2016-09-09

As part of the information and documentation required, a political party must include the following in its application for registration:

• the political party's full name
• the party's short-form name, or its abbreviation, if any, that is to be shown in election documents
• the party's logo, if any
• a copy of the party's resolution appointing the leader
• the address of the party's office where records are maintained and to which communications may be addressed
• the names and addresses of the chief agent, auditor and officers of the party as well as their signed consent to act
• the names and addresses of at least 250 electors and their signed declarations that they are members of the party and that they support its application for registration
• a signed declaration by the leader that one of the fundamental purposes of the party is to participate in public affairs by endorsing one or more of its members as candidates and supporting their election
  

Requirements for party registration-References:

 

Candidate nomination

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

A prospective candidate must first choose whether they will run as either an independent or as a representative of a political party. If they want to be an official representative of a political party, they must be officially endorsed by that party. For more information on this procedure, which varies from party to party, they have to contact the party that they hope will endorse them.

In either case, they must file a nomination paper and other necessary documents with the returning officer for the electoral district where they intend to run. They can download the nomination paper from our website or obtain it from their respective returning officer.

Candidate nomination-References:

 http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=pol&document=index&dir=can/bck&lang=e

Candidate Registration (National Assembly members)

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

After the returning officer publishes the Notice of Election, candidates have until the close of nominations at 2:00 p.m. on the 21st day before election day to submit their nomination paper. Each paper includes the name, address and signature of at least 100 electors (or, in certain specified large and sparsely populated ridings, 50 electors) resident in the electoral district who support the nomination, and it is submitted to the returning officer along with a $1,000 deposit. The returning officer then has 48 hours after the nomination paper is filed to verify that the documentation is complete and complies with the Canada Elections Act before confirming or refusing the candidacy. If a candidate is refused, he or she may submit corrected papers up until the close of nominations.

All prospective candidates are required to meet all of the criteria set out in the Canada Elections Act (the Act) in Part 6 of the Act. There is also important information regarding the nomination process and criteria for being a candidate in the Political Financing Handbook for Candidates and Official Agents (EC 20155).

The basic requirements for becoming a candidate are the following:

• You must be a Canadian citizen.
• You must be at least 18 years old on election day.
• You must file a Nomination Paper (EC 20010) with the returning officer for the electoral district (riding) where you intend to run, along with all other documents required by the nomination process.

 

 

 

 

Candidate Registration (National Assembly members) -References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=pol&document=index&dir=can/bck&lang=e 

Candidate registration deposit

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Among the requirements in the candidate's nomination process is the payment of a $1,000 nomination deposit when the candidate's nomination paper is filed with the local returning officer.

To receive a refund of the nomination deposit after the election, the candidate or the candidate's official agent has to:

• return all unused or cancelled tax receipts as well as a copy of each used tax receipt to Elections Canada within one month after election day, and
• fulfill the reporting requirements set out in the Canada Elections Act and Chapter 4 of this handbook

The nomination deposit refund is payable to the official agent and must be deposited to the campaign bank account. The official agent may designate the original payer as the recipient. In that case, the official agent has to submit an assignment agreement to Elections Canada.

Returning tax receipts

If paper-form tax receipts were used, the official agent has to return all unused or cancelled tax receipts as well as a copy of each used tax receipt to Elections Canada within one month after election day. If the official agent does not return all tax receipts before the deadline, the $1,000 nomination deposit will be forfeited.

Candidate registration deposit-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=pol&dir=can/man/ec20155&document=p5&lang=e 

Uncontested Election

Last Updated : 2016-12-20

N/A

 

Uncontested Election -References:

 

Preparation of the voters list

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Created in 1997, the National Register of Electors is a permanent, continually-d database of Canadians who are qualified to vote in federal elections and referendums. It contains the name, address, gender and date of birth of each elector, as well as a unique identifier to help track changes to the elector's record. Elections Canada uses the information in the National Register of Electors (the Register) to create lists of electors (voters lists) at the beginning of federal elections and referendums. 

Preparation of the voters list-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=reg/des&document=index&lang=e 

Whether the registration is compulsory (or not)

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

You have to be registered in order to vote 

Whether the registration is compulsory (or not)-References:

 

Who is responsible for the voters list

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Elections Canada is responsible for maintaining the National Register of Electors.

 

Who is responsible for the voters list -References:

 

Voters list preparation procedure

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

Elections Canada produces preliminary lists of electors for federal elections, by-elections and referendums, using information from the National Register of Electors. Returning officers then the lists for each riding during the revision period.

The National Register of Electors is a database of Canadians who are qualified to vote. It contains basic information about each person ? name, gender, date of birth, address, and unique identifier. The Register may also be used to produce lists of electors for provinces, territories, municipalities and school boards that have signed agreements for that purpose, as permitted by the Canada Elections Act and provincial statutes.

The revision period usually begins 33 days before election day. This 28-day period ends at 6:00 p.m. on the sixth day before election day.

During the revision period, electors may:

• correct their names and addresses on the lists of electors
  
  
• add their names to those lists
  
  
• ask that the names of electors be d (for example, those of deceased electors)
  
  
• until the 14th day before election day, file an objection against another elector, disputing the right of that person to be on the lists of electors for the riding
  

 

Targeted revision

In consultation with the Chief Electoral Officer and other partners, the returning officer may determine that certain areas of an electoral district ? new residential developments, high-mobility areas, post-secondary institution residences, long-term care facilities and First Nations reserves ? may require targeted revision.

During the revision period, pairs of revising agents visit the targeted addresses. Electors thus have an additional opportunity to register. If an elector is not present during the visit, the agents will leave a booklet containing a mail-in application at the door.

For long-term care facilities, revising agents will visit electors in person to collect applications for registration.

The Act entitles revising agents to gain access to apartment buildings, condominium buildings or other multiple-residence buildings or gated communities unless the building's administrator believes that residents' physical or emotional well-being could be harmed.

Registering to vote after the revision period ends

To have your name added to the voters list at the polling place, you must prove your identity and address. You can do this in one of three ways:

• Show any government card with your photo, name and current address; or
  
  
• Show two pieces of identification from the list of accepted identification. At least one must have your current address; or
  
  
• Take an oath. Show two pieces of identification with your name and have someone who knows you attest to your address. This person must show proof of identity and address, be registered in the same polling division, and attest for only one person. A person whose address has been attested to cannot attest for another elector.
  

Voters list preparation procedure -References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=bkg&document=ec90870&lang=e 

Inspection and objection procedure

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Objections

One elector may file an objection against another, disputing the right of that person to be on the lists of electors for the electoral district. The objector must file an affidavit of objection with the returning officer between the issue of the writs and the 14th day before election day. The returning officer then formally notifies the person against whom the objection has been filed, and the candidates in the riding, and convenes a hearing. The person objected to, his or her representatives, the objector and candidates' representatives may attend. The onus is on the objector to establish that the name of the person objected to should be d.

Removing your name from the National Register of Electors

Canadians who are qualified to vote may choose whether to be included in the National Register of Electors. Being in the Register has several benefits ? you don't have to re-register at every election, and you are automatically sent a voter information card telling you when and where to vote. If you decide to opt out of the Register, you will not lose your right to vote.

To request to be removed from the National Register of Electors, Canadians are asked to write to Elections Canada. In their request, they must include their name, date of birth, current home and mailing addresses, and signature.

If they've opted out of the National Register of Electors and want to vote in a federal election, by-election or referendum, they must add their name to the voters list.

 

The names of all people who voted are included on the final lists of electors. Names on the final lists of electors are added to the National Register of Electors, except for those people who had previously requested to opt out of the Register, or who asked that their information not be included in the Register when they registered to vote.

Accessing the records

Voters' registration information is protected by the Canada Elections Act and the Privacy Act. Under the Privacy Act, Canadians may request access to their personal information as held by Elections Canada. All personal information under the control of a government institution must be retained in a personal information bank that is registered with the federal government. Voters' information is held in Personal Information Bank CEO PPU 037, described in the Elections Canada chapter of Info Source ? Sources of Federal Government and Employee Information.

The Privacy Commissioner of Canada has the right, at any time, to audit how Register information is collected, stored, d and used, to ensure that the electors' right to privacy is respected.

 

Inspection and objection procedure -References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=reg/des&document=index&lang=e#optout 

Definition

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Period

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Methods

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Prohibited forms of campaigning

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

- Who is not permitted to campaign

Campaign Finance

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

- Campaign expense limit

- Income and expenditure of campaign expense

- Report, public inspection, and open of income and expenditure

- Investigation on income and expenditure of campaign expense & actions

- Reimbursement of campaign expense

Presiding officers

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

① How many of officers in a polling station

② Roles of each officer

③ How we nominate the officers

Facilities or items a polling station is equipped with

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Polling station location criteria

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Returning officers select convenient and accessible locations for polling places, for both advance voting and election day. Polling places are usually set up in well-known, central locations such as community centres and schools. They must be equipped with level access to meet the requirements of the Canada Elections Act. 

Polling station location criteria-References:

 

Voting hours

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

 

Voting Hours on Election Day

The Canada Elections Act requires polling stations to be open for voting for 12 consecutive hours on election day.

Staggered Voting Hours

To compensate for Canada's six time zones, polls open and close (in local time) as follows:

Newfoundland Time	8:30 a.m. ? 8:30 p.m.
Atlantic Time	8:30 a.m. ? 8:30 p.m.
Eastern Time	9:30 a.m. ? 9:30 p.m.
Central Time*	8:30 a.m. ? 8:30 p.m.
Mountain Time*	7:30 a.m. ? 7:30 p.m.
Pacific Time	7:00 a.m. ? 7:00 p.m.

*In Saskatchewan, when Daylight Saving Time is in effect for the rest of the country, voting hours are from 7:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. (local time).

 

The hours of voting are staggered by time zone so that a majority of results will be available at approximately the same time across the country. If necessary, the Chief Electoral Officer may modify the voting hours in a riding to make them coincide with the voting hours in other ridings in the same time zone. 

Voting hours-References:

 

Voting

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

① Is compulsory or voluntary?

② How many ballot papers are distributed to each voter?

Ballot Paper

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

Regular Paper Ballot

Text version of "Regular Paper Ballot"

The election ballot lists the names of the candidates in alphabetical order along with each one's political affiliation, unless they choose to have either “Independent” or no affiliation under their name.

The voter takes the ballot behind the voting screen and makes a clear mark in the circle beside the preferred name.

Ballot Paper-References:

 

Voting Procedures

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

There are a number of ways to vote. The most common way is at the ordinary polls on election day. Voters can also cast their ballots at an advance poll, or they can vote by special ballot either at an Elections Canada office or through the mail. As additional services, Elections Canada provides mobile polls for voters living in long-term care facilities and, in certain cases, bedside voting by special ballot for voters in acute care hospitals. In exceptional circumstances ? where a voter is registered for a special ballot but cannot go to the local Elections Canada office or mark the ballot because of a disability ? an election officer can go to the voter's home to help mark and receive the ballot in the presence of a witness.

Ordinary Polls

The great majority of voters choose to cast their ballots at the ordinary polls on election day. During the hours that the polls are open, electors go to the polling station indicated on their voter information card, have their name crossed off the voters list and go behind a voting screen to mark their ballot.

Electors who have not already registered to vote can register at the polling station on election day (or at the advance polls) after showing proof of identity and address.

Voter Identification at the Polls and at Local Offices

When voting at the polls on election day, at an advance poll or at a local Elections Canada office, voters are required to prove their identity and address before being handed a ballot.

Electors have three options for proving their identity and address:

• They can show one original piece of identification, issued by a Canadian government (federal, provincial or local) or agency of that government, that contains their photo, name and address. An example is a driver's licence.
• They can show two original pieces of identification authorized by the Chief Electoral Officer. Both pieces must have their name, and one must also have their address. Examples include a health card and a hydro bill.
• Electors who have two pieces of identification with their name, but not their address, can take an oath in writing and have someone who knows them personally attest to their address. The attesting person must show proof of identity and address, be registered in the same polling division, and attest for only one person.  

A complete list of the pieces of identification authorized by the Chief Electoral Officer can be found at www.elections.ca.

Voting Procedures -References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=ces&document=part5&lang=e#p51 

Marking method

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

The voter goes to the polling station specified on the voter information card, and the poll clerk crosses the voter's name off the voters list. After verifying the voter's identity and address, the deputy returning officer hands the voter a folded ballot with the initials of the deputy returning officer on the back of the ballot.

 

The voter then goes behind a table with a voting screen and places a mark in the white circle next to the name of the candidate of his or her choice. The voter re-folds the ballot so that the deputy returning officer's initials are visible and hands it to the deputy returning officer. The deputy returning officer checks the initials and the serial number shown on the counterfoil, removes and destroys the counterfoil, and returns the ballot to the voter. The voter, or the deputy returning officer at the voter's request, places the folded ballot in the ballot box. The poll clerk then places a mark in the “Voted” column beside the voter's name on the voters list. These procedures apply to all voters to ensure the secrecy of the vote. 

Marking method-References:

 

Special voting (Absentee / Early / Proxy / Assisted / Postal / etc)

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

Special Voting Rules

Any elector who cannot or does not wish to vote at a polling station during an election or referendum may vote using a special ballot. With a special ballot, an elector can vote by mail or in person at the office of any returning officer. If the elector is away from his or her electoral district, inside or outside Canada, he or she can also register to vote with Elections Canada in Ottawa. Voting by special ballot is governed by the Special Voting Rules, set out at Part 11 of the Canada Elections Act. The Special Voting Rules apply to the following categories of electors:

1. Canadian electors temporarily away from their electoral districts during the election or referendum, whether in Canada or abroad
    
2. Canadian electors in their electoral districts who cannot or do not wish to go to an ordinary or advance poll to vote
    
3. Canadian citizens residing outside Canada
    
4. Canadian Forces electors (including civilians employed as teachers or administrative support staff in Canadian Forces schools outside the country)
    
5. incarcerated electors

In all these cases, the elector must have a civic address for his or her place of ordinary residence in Canada, for electoral purposes. The elector's vote will be counted for that electoral district.

A Special Voting Rules Administrator appointed by the Chief Electoral Officer oversees the administration of the Special Voting Rules.

General principles

To vote under the Special Voting Rules, electors other than Canadian Forces electors and incarcerated electors must:

• register to vote by special ballot no later than 6:00 p.m. on the Tuesday before polling day
   
• in the case of an election, obtain the names of the candidates in his or her electoral district (in an election, the elector completes the special ballot by writing the name of the chosen candidate (not the name of the political party); in a referendum, each referendum question is printed on a separate ballot and the elector checks off "yes" or "no")
   
• in the case of an elector voting by special ballot outside the electoral district of his or her ordinary residence, ensure that the completed ballot arrives at Elections Canada in Ottawa no later than 6:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on polling day
   
• in the case of an elector voting in his or her electoral district, ensure that the returning officer for that district receives the completed ballot before the close of the polls in the electoral district on polling day

Once an elector's application to vote by special ballot is approved, that is the only way he or she can vote. The elector cannot vote at the ordinary or advance polls. The only exception is that Canadian Forces electors may choose to vote in person at a civilian polling station, if they are living in the same electoral district as the address shown on their Statement of Ordinary Residence. They can do so only if they have not already voted under the Special Voting Rules. For further details, consult the backgrounder Voting by Special Ballot for Canadian Forces Electors (EC 90550).

Elections Canada draws up the lists of electors registered to vote by special ballot in each electoral district, and sends them to the returning officers before the advance polls and again before polling day. These lists include the surname, given name, civic address and mailing address of electors who have applied to vote by special ballot. The returning officers indicate on the list of electors that these electors have registered to vote by special ballot, to prevent them from voting twice.

An elector who votes under the Special Voting Rules uses a special ballot voting kit that includes:

• in the case of an election, a blank ballot on which the elector writes the name of the candidate of his or her choice; and in the case of a referendum, a ballot on which the referendum question is printed
   
• an unmarked inner envelope
   
• an outer envelope identifying the elector and his or her electoral district, and a declaration that the elector must sign and date, stating that his or her name is as shown on the envelope, and that he or she has not already voted and will not attempt to vote again in the current electoral event
   
• a return envelope
   
• an instruction flyer

An elector may vote only once at an election. The elector is only entitled to vote for a candidate running in his or her electoral district.

Special voting (Absentee / Early / Proxy / Assisted / Postal / etc)-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=bkg&document=ec90540&lang=e 

Counting Location

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Polling Station

 

Counting Location-References:

 

Counting period

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Immediately following the close of polling stations

 

Counting period-References:

 

Vote counting method

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Manually

 

Vote counting method-References:

 

Counting Procedures

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Following the close of a polling station, the deputy returning officer in an electoral district counts the votes, in the presence of the poll clerk, any person appointed by the returning office who is to be present at the counting of the votes, and any candidates or their representatives who are present, or, if none are present, in the presence of at least two electors. Before the count, the deputy returning officer must, in the following order:

• count the number of electors who voted and enter the number in the poll book
  
  
• count the number of electors to whom a registration certificate was given
  
  
• count the spoiled ballots, place them in the envelope provided for that purpose, indicate the number of spoiled ballots on the envelope and seal it
  
  
• count the unused ballots, place them in the envelope provided for that purpose, indicate their number on the envelope and seal the envelope
  
  
• ensure that all ballots provided are accounted for

The deputy returning officer then empties the contents of the ballot box onto a table to proceed with the count.

During the count, the deputy returning officer examines each ballot, shows it to each person present and asks the poll clerk to tally the vote in favour of the candidate for whom the vote was cast. The poll clerk (along with any of the candidates or their representatives who also wish to do so) keeps a tally of the votes for each candidate.

The deputy returning officer must reject ballots that were not supplied by him or her, were improperly marked (including those voided by the elector), were cast for a person other than a candidate, or on which there is any writing or mark by which the elector could be identified.

The deputy returning officer keeps a record of every objection to a ballot made by any candidates or their representatives, gives a number to that objection, writes that number on the ballot and initials it. The decision of the deputy returning officer is subject to reversal only by a judge on a judicial recount or on an application to contest the election.

After the count, the deputy returning officer fills out a statement of the vote, recording the number of votes in favour of each candidate and the number of rejected ballots. In this statement, the deputy returning officer has to account for all ballots received at that polling station. The deputy returning officer then telephones the unofficial results to the returning officer, who makes them public immediately. The published results remain incomplete until all results have been transmitted by telephone by all deputy returning officers. Candidates or their representatives present during the count at a polling station have the right to receive a copy of the statement of the vote.

The envelopes containing the marked ballots, the spoiled ballots, the unused and the rejected ballots,are sealed along with any other election documents in a large envelope provided for that purpose. That envelope and the envelope that contains the copy of the statement of the vote are placed in the ballot box, which is delivered to the office of the returning officer. Four envelopes are delivered to the returning officer with the ballot box, namely  the envelope containing the original statement of the vote, the envelope containing oaths taken by electors, the envelope containing copies of the documents produced at regular intervals on election day identifying electors who have voted and the envelope containing the registration certificate of electors who registered on polling day.

Counting Procedures-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=bkg&document=ec90565&lang=e 

When are ballots recounted?

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

Judicial Recounts

A judicial recount is a new tabulation of the votes cast for an electoral district, presided over by a judge of a superior court of the province or territory.

A judicial recount must take place if the leading candidates in an electoral district receive the same number of votes after the validation of the results, or if they are separated by less than one one-thousandth of the total votes cast.* For example, in an electoral district where 40,000 votes were cast, if the difference between the first and second candidates was less than 40 votes, a judicial recount would be required. The returning officer must make a request to a judge for a judicial recount and must also write to the candidates or their official agents to advise them of the recount request.

The judge must fix the date for a recount to begin within four days after he or she receives the request.

A request to a judge to carry out a judicial recount may also be made by any elector, including a candidate. Notice in writing must be provided to the returning officer in the relevant electoral district before a request may be made to a judge. The request must be presented within four days of the validation of the results and must include an affidavit stating that the count was improperly carried out, that ballots were improperly rejected or that the returning officer incorrectly added up the results at the validation. The applicant must deposit $250 with the court as security for the costs of the candidate who obtained the largest number of votes. If the judge agrees to proceed with a recount, it must begin within four days of the receipt of the application.

Judicial recounts deal solely with the tabulation and counting of votes. Concerns about fraud and irregularities in the electoral process are addressed through a contested election application.

Except with the permission of the judge, the only people permitted to be present at a recount are the judge, the returning officer, the staff appointed by the returning officer, the candidates,a maximum of two representatives for each candidate, one legal counsel for each candidate and legal counsel for the Chief Electoral Officer. A recount can be conducted in one of three ways: The judge can add the number of votes reported in the statements, recount the valid ballots or recount all of the ballots (including the spoiled and rejected ballots). The judge then totals the ballots cast for each candidate (according to the procedure chosen).

Except in the case of an automatic recount, a judge may at any time terminate a recount on request in writing by the person who applied for the recount.

At the conclusion of the recount, the judge delivers a certificate stating the results of the process and returns all election materials and election documents to the returning officer. If there is no tie vote, the returning officer writes the name of the winning candidate on the writ of election and returns the document to the Chief Electoral Officer.

The results of a judicial recount are final and cannot be corrected or altered by a returning officer or the Chief Electoral Officer. 

When are ballots recounted?-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=bkg&document=ec90565&lang=e 

Who is eligible to vote for overseas voting?

Last Updated : 2016-10-24

Citizens residing outside the country
Citizens outside the country (including those on vacation)
Members of the armed forces
Students
Diplomatic staff

 

Who is eligible to vote for overseas voting?-References:

 

Overseas voters list preparation

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Where to vote

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Voting procedure for early voting

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Methods used to transport ballot papers

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Counting procedure

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

How is the elected candidate chosen in the case of a tie?

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

A judicial recount occurs automatically if the two leading candidates are separated by less than one one-thousandth of the total votes cast in the riding or if they receive the same number of votes after the validation.

In the very rare cases where the two leading candidates still have the same number of votes after the recount, a by-election is held for that riding.

 

How is the elected candidate chosen in the case of a tie?-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=faq&document=faqelec&lang=e#a8 

Apportioning of National Assembly seats

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

In every electoral district, the candidate with the highest number of votes wins a seat in the House of Commons and represents that electoral district as its member of Parliament. An absolute majority (more than 50 percent of the votes in the electoral district) is not required for a candidate to be elected.

 

 

Apportioning of National Assembly seats-References:

Current Party Standings

http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parliamentarians/en/partystandings?view=1 

Results Announcement

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

The specific timetable for the publication of results as set out in the Act is as follows:

1. On election night, once the polls in a riding are closed, preliminary results are announced and published on Elections Canada's website as they become available. These preliminary results are tabulated from the counts done at each polling station as they come in.
2. Within a few days of those published results, returning officers are required to validate the counts submitted from the individual polls. These validated results are made public and published on the website as they become available. Validations are usually completed the same day that they start. (The Act allows validations to be delayed up to three weeks, if necessary, to allow all ballot boxes to be delivered to the returning officer.)
3. Once a validation is completed, the Act requires the returning officer to wait seven days to formally declare the elected winner. This is to provide an opportunity for a judicial recount to be held where required. An application for a judicial recount must be made to the court within four days of the returning officer's validation of results. The recount itself must start within four days of the judge agreeing to hear the application. Once started, a recount usually takes between one and two days. If a recount is held, the results of that recount are made public and published on the website on its completion.
4. On the seventh day following the validation of results (or, if a judicial recount was held, on its completion), the returning officer declares the winner and returns the writ of election to the Chief Electoral Officer.
5. Elections Canada then collects and publishes the official voting results without delay, as specified by section 533 of the Canada Elections Act. In preparing the official voting results, Elections Canada does not correct or otherwise alter the results that have been reached either by a returning officer during the validation or by a judge on a judicial recount. It merely collects, collates and reports those results.

The official voting results also report the final number of voters on the list for each polling station. In order to do this, Elections Canada must data-capture the revisions made to the voters lists during the election, including the information of voters who registered at the polls on election day. 

 

Results Announcement-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=faq&document=faqelec&lang=e#a5 

Is the announcement of preliminary result required?

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Deadline for announcement of final results

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

The Canada Elections Act requires the official results from a general election to be published without delay. Between the announcement of preliminary results on election night and the publication of official voting results, the balloting results go through a number of verification stages. Results are published as they become available.

 

Deadline for announcement of final results-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=faq&document=faqelec&lang=e#a8 

Reason for holding a by- or re-election

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

A by-election is an election held in a single electoral district. More than one by-election may be held at the same time.

A by-election is held to fill a vacancy in the House of Commons that comes about other than through the dissolution of the House for a general election.

 

Reason for holding a by- or re-election-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=bkg&document=ec90700&lang=e 

By-election dates

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

By-elections are called in a similar manner to general elections.

Under the Parliament of Canada Act, when a seat in the House becomes vacant, the Speaker of the House of Commons informs the Chief Electoral Officer by means of a Speaker's warrant. If the Speaker is absent, or if it is the Speaker's seat that is vacant, two members of the House of Commons may address the warrant to the Chief Electoral Officer.

After receiving the warrant, section 57 of the Canada Elections Act authorizes the Governor in Council to fix the date on which the Chief Electoral Officer is to issue the writ. The date of issuance must fall between the 11th and 180th days after the Chief Electoral Officer receives the warrant from the Speaker (or the two members of the House). The Governor in Council also fixes the date for election day, which cannot be earlier than 36 days after the Chief Electoral Officer issues the writ.  

By-election dates-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=bkg&document=ec90700&lang=e

 

Past By-Elections

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=ele&dir=pas&document=index&lang=e 

Electoral process

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

Application of the Canada Elections Act to by-elections

A by-election is an election for the purposes of the Canada Elections Act. However, although many of the provisions applicable to general elections are also applicable to by-elections, this is not always the case. For example, the broadcasting scheme established under the Act for general elections does not apply to by-elections. The relevant provision of the Act should always be checked to determine its applicability to by-elections.

Candidates in by-elections remain subject to operational requirements, spending limits and reporting obligations similar to those applicable in a general election ? but adjusted as necessary for by-elections. While registered parties remain subject to spending limits in a by-election, they are not required to submit specific election expenses returns, as they must for a general election. However, registered parties must still submit their annual returns, which will reflect their by-election activities. 

Electoral process-References: http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=vot&dir=bkg&document=ec90700&lang=e

 

Criteria for allocating free broadcast time

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

Under the Canada Elections Act, in a general election, all network operators that provided free broadcasting time in the previous general election must provide as much free broadcasting time to registered and eligible parties as they did during the previous election. The time must be provided to the parties in proportion to the allocation of paid broadcasting time. 

Criteria for allocating free broadcast time-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=abo&dir=bra/fre&document=index&lang=e 

Television debates

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Blackout period for release of election survey results

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

There is a blackout on the publication of new election surveys or opinion polls on election day. Anyone may conduct surveys or polls, but may not publish the results before all polls close.

This rule does not apply to results that were public before election day. Anyone can refer to survey results released prior to election day.

 

Blackout period for release of election survey results-References:

 

Electoral dispute resolution body

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Contested Election

 

All concerns respecting the regularity of an election ? other than for matters that are handled through judicial recounts ? are addressed through the contested election process. After a person is declared elected, any elector who was eligible to vote in a district or any candidate in that district may bring an application for a contested election before a judge.

In a contested election proceeding, a judge is required to determine whether the person who won the election was eligible to be a candidate or whether there were any other irregularities, fraud, or corrupt or illegal practices that affected the result of the election. The Chief Electoral Officer, along with the Attorney General, the relevant returning officer, the candidates in the election and the person bringing the application are all parties to a contested election proceeding. This is a court proceeding at the end of which the judge either dismisses the application or invalidates the result of the election.

An appeal from this decision can be brought to the Supreme Court of Canada.

 

Commissioner of Canada Election

The Commissioner of Canada Election is the independent officer responsible for ensuring compliance with, and enforcement of, the Canada Elections Act (the Act) and the Referendum Act.

The Act defines and regulates activities during the writ period and the Commissioner and his staff work to ensure that political entities, third-party organizations, stakeholder groups and other individuals engaged in the electoral process do so in compliance with the rules. 

Electoral dispute resolution body-References:

 

Electoral dispute resolution mechanism

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Alternative electoral dispute resolution mechanism

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Direct public funding

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Public funding in the form of tax credits for contributions and partial reimbursement of election expenses

 

Direct public funding-References:

 

Private funding of political parties

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

Limits on contributions from eligible individuals ($1,500) and a complete ban on corporate and union contributions

Private funding of political parties-References:

 

Regulation, monitoring and investigation

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

The Commissioner of Canada Elections is appointed for a term of seven years by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) pursuant to the Canada Elections Act (CEA) and is responsible for ensuring that the CEA and the Referendum Act are complied with and enforced. The CCE does this by conducting investigations of alleged offences and, where appropriate, by referring matters to the DPP for possible prosecution.

 

The CCE position was created in 1974 and was originally restricted to ensuring that the rules concerning election financing and expenses were enforced. In 1977, the CCE's responsibilities were extended to cover all provisions of the CEA. In 2006, the Federal Accountability Act transferred the authority for prosecution of offences under the CEA to the DPP. In 2014, the CEA was amended so that the CCE would no longer be appointed by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (CEO) and would be relocated from within the Office of the CEO to within the Office of the DPP.

The CCE receives complaints from the public and from within Elections Canada. For example, Elections Canada's political financing sector may report potential offences under the CEA that are identified during audits of the parties' or candidates' financial returns. 

Regulation, monitoring and investigation-References:

http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=abo&dir=oec&document=p3&lang=e#c2  

Regulation, monitoring and investigation bodies

Last Updated : 2016-10-25

EMB 

Regulation, monitoring and investigation bodies-References:

 

Which electoral processes are using ICTs?

Last Updated : 2016-11-03

- E-voting : Internet voting systems

 

Which electoral processes are using ICTs? -References:

 

When it was introduced

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Gender equality

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Aids for disabled or handicapped voters

Last Updated : 2016-08-17

 

Accessibility Policy and Service Offering for people with disabilities

Elections Canada works with the disability community to make the electoral process more accessible and to improve its services.

A series of initiatives has been implemented to continue improving the accessibility of the electoral process.

• Accessibility Policy and Service Offering for people with disabilities
• Overview of the tools and services that are available during elections
• Polling Locations Accessibility Checklist

Outreach and Stakeholder Engagement

Elections Canada works with a number of external organizations and people with disabilities to inform its programs and services.

Advisory Group for Disability Issues

In February 2014, Elections Canada launched an Advisory Group for Disability Issues to provide advice on initiatives for the 2015 federal election. The group also helped to identify the best ways to inform people with disabilities of when, where and the ways to register and vote.

Terms of reference

Members of the Advisory Group

 

The Advisory Group's work builds on consultations that took place in 2011?2012 with several organizations representing people with disabilities. Elections Canada continues to draw on this network of organizations for consultation purposes. These organizations also assist Elections Canada in spreading the word about elections to their networks of people with disabilities across Canada.

Research

Elections Canada undertakes research on voting barriers faced by Canadians with disabilities. The most recent research evaluates Canadian accessibility practices in a comparative context as well as the testing of alternative voting methods for electors with disabilities:

• Report on the National Survey on the Accessibility of Potential Polling Locations For the 42nd General Election 
• Electoral Participation of Electors with Disabilities: Canadian Practices in a Comparative Context (2012).
• Elections Canada tested an assistive voting device (AVD) in 2010 during a by-election in Winnipeg North.
• April 2004 issue of Electoral Insight: Persons with Disabilities and Elections
  

Aids for disabled or handicapped voters -References:

 

Voter education

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

National civic education

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

EMB Staff education

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Domestic observation

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

International observation

Last Updated : 2016-08-16

OSCE/ODIHR deployed an Election Assessment Mission (EAM) for the 2015 General Election. 

International observation-References:

http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/canada 

Partnerships/MoUs

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

International Activities

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Major challenges to elections

Last Updated : 2016-05-03

Measures taken to deal with those Challenges

Last Updated : 2016-05-03